Appendix I — Summary and terminology

Holistic Universe Model = The solar system is a remarkably complex yet balanced system. Despite this complexity, its primary movements can be modelled by simulating just two interacting forces: Axial precession, which moves clockwise, and Inclination precession, which moves counter clockwise. The Holistic Universe Model explores these forces in detail, offering insight into the dynamic equilibrium governing our solar system and its impact on our Earth.

EARTH-WOBBLE-CENTER = A point modelled in the interactive 3D Solar System Simulation = The point our Earth is “wobbling” in clockwise direction in ~22,937 years at a distance of 0.00308211 AU (461,077.09 km) from Earth. It is a GRAVITATIONAL point to simulate Axial precession.

PERIHELION-OF-EARTH = A point modelled in the interactive 3D Solar System Simulation = The point our Earth is orbiting – close to the Sun - resulting in the Perihelion and Aphelion of the Sun. This point is at a distance of 0.01370018 AU (2,049,517.75 km) to the Sun and moving counter clockwise around the Sun in 99,392 years and can be considered as the CENTER-POINT of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. It is a GRAVITATIONAL point to simulate Inclination precession.

Axial Precession Orbit (APO) = The clockwise circular path our Earth travels in ~22,937 years around the EARTH-WOBBLE-CENTER which results in the visible precession “wobble” aka “Axial Precession” which will move Earth axial tilt compared to the Ecliptic up and down by ~0.564°. Currently in year 2000 AD Earth’s axis is pointing to Polaris but e.g. in year ~2300 BC it was pointing to Thuban.

Inclination Precession Orbit (IPO) = The counter clockwise circular path the PERIHELION-OF-EARTH travels in 99,392 Years around the Sun resulting in the “Inclination Precession” which will move Earth inclination tilt compared to the Ecliptic up and down by ~0.564°.

Precession = “precession” is generally known as “backwards drift” because the term is most commonly used in “precession of the equinoxes”. What is confusing is that sometimes precession is also “forward drifting” (in case of inclination precession). In both cases it is a moving factor. In this book I only make a distinction between Axial Precession (BACKWARD in time) and Inclination Precession (FORWARD in time) as the drivers of all currently known precession movements.

Axial Precession = Also popularly known as “precession of the equinoxes” caused by the APO. The age-old phenomenon whereby the equatorial point (Earth tilted 0° compared to the ecliptic plane around 21 March and 22 September) moves BACKWARD through the twelve zodiacal signs in a period of ~22,937 years (currently experienced ~25,772 years on Earth). This motion is BACKWARD.

Inclination Precession = New term for what is currently called “apsidal precession” / “precession of the ecliptic” caused by the IPO. The inclination precession slowly increases Earth’s argument of periapsis and it takes 99,392 years (currently experienced ~112,000 years on Earth) to revolve once relative to the ICRF and ~59,635 years (currently experienced ~70,000 years) against the ecliptic. This motion is FORWARD.

Perihelion Precession Cycle = Since Axial and Inclination precession are moving in opposite direction, they meet each other every 18,636 years which is the cause for the length of the anomalistic year. This is a consequence of the two contrary precession movements (plus and minus) and not a driver on itself. In year 2000 AD the Sun has its calculated perihelion point (closest to earth) on 3rd of January and it’s aphelion point (furthest to earth) on 4th of July. These points are moving to FORWARD in time in the 18,636 years cycle (currently experienced ~21,000 years on Earth). This movement is responsible for the Obliquity change we experience on Earth in a cycle of 37,272 years (currently experienced ~41,000 years on Earth) which means two Perihelion precession periods.

Movements against Ecliptic = Movements compared to the path of the Sun. This is how we experience all precession movements on Earth.

Movements against ICRF = Movements compared to the fixed stars. This is how someone who looks at the total solar system relative to the fixed stars would observe all precession movements.

Inclination Tilt = Inclination to the invariable plane. Current experienced value on 01 January 2000 AD 12:00 UTC was ~1.57869°. The real MEAN value of the Inclination Tilt is ~1.4951° and oscillating by ~0.564° (above and below) so from ~0.931° to ~2.059°.

Axial Tilt = Current experienced value on 21 June 12:00 UTC was 23°26′21″ (23.4392298806°). The real MEAN value of the Axial Tilt is ~23.42723° and oscillating by ~0.564° (above and below). Since the Axial Tilt and Inclination Tilt work upon each other, this currently experienced ~23.44° does not only contain the axial tilt factor but also contains the inclination-tilt factor. The current Axial Tilt value is therefore actually ~23.355° so ~0.083° below the experienced axial tilt which is due to the inclination tilt above the mean value of the inclination tilt (~0.083°+ ~1.4951° = ~1.57869°). The net result is the Orbital inclination is currently ~0.012°

Obliquity = The total result of the Axial and Inclination Tilt resulting in the experienced Axial Tilt compared the Sun path. In 2000, 21 June 12:00 UTC the Earth’s experienced axial tilt was 23°26′21″ (23.4392298806°), and this will oscillate and return to the same pattern in a period of 298,176 years between ~22.36° and ~24.58° which also results in the changes in Earth’s climate in a 298,176 years cycle (three times 100k year cycle).

Great Year = ~22,937 years = the full time period for the Earth to complete one APO. This old term of the Axial precession (precession of the equinoxes) is related to Plato and can be seen as a popular term for Axial Precession.

Holistic-Year = 298,176 years = the full time period of 13 APO (Axial Precession) or 3 IPO (Inclination Precession) to meet each other again which results in the cycle restart. This period shows on historic temperature/ CO2 graphs as measured on e.g. Antarctica.

Solar Year = also known as “Tropical year”. The time it takes for Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun, returning to the exact same position in the sky as seen on Earth. In simpler terms, it’s the time between two spring equinoxes (when day and night are roughly equal). A MEAN time period equal to the value it had IN DAYS beginning of 1246 AD (when the longitude of perihelion was in line with the December Solstice) which is 365.242273019961 days per year (6,806,655 solar days in 18,636 years). The J2000 value of the Solar year is 31,556,925.2259806 seconds. The Solar year in seconds is currently calculated against the fixed 86,400 seconds a day but this length of day value is fluctuating not only within the year but also across the ages.

Sidereal Year = The time required the Sun takes to return to the same fixed star – as seen on Earth. A MEAN time period equal to the value it had IN SECONDS in 1246 AD (when the longitude of perihelion was in line with the December Solstice) which according to science was ~31,558,149.6846777 seconds a year. The J2000 value of the sidereal year is 31,558,149.7591855 seconds a year, which is ~1224.54 seconds longer than the current Solar year but fluctuating across the ages.

Anomalistic Year = The time required for the PERIHELION-OF-EARTH to return to the same fixed star – as viewed from the Earth. A MEAN time period equal to 365.261872819962 days (~31,558,467.2136858 seconds a year). This value is directly related to the 18,636 year Perihelion precession cycle. The J2000 value is ~31,558,432.3572673 seconds.

Planet Perihelion Year = The time required for the PERIHELION OF A PLANET to return to the same fixed star – as viewed from the Earth. This cycle differs per planet and e.g. for Mercury it is a MEAN time period equal to 298,176 / 12 = 24,848 years. This value can fluctuate across time for a specific planet, but in the long run it returns to this mean value.

Solar day = The solar day is the time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the sky, from one noon to the next. In simpler terms, it’s the length of time between two successive moments when the Sun is directly overhead. On average, a solar day lasts about 24 hours—this is the basis for how we set our clocks and structure our daily lives. Currently, the J2000 length of a solar day is slightly longer than 86,400 SI seconds (86,400.0030498014 SI seconds a day). However, this value fluctuates both within a single year and over long periods. As a result, leap seconds are occasionally added to ensure the solar day remains aligned with the 86,400-second standard. These adjustments help track the difference between the time experienced on Earth (Universal Time, UT) and the ´fixed” stars (Terrestrial Time, TT). This difference is known as Delta T (ΔT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping) . The MEAN value of the solar day over long periods of time is 86,399.5657965675 SI seconds a day.

Sidereal day = The sidereal day is the sidereal rotation period of Earth measured relative to the moving vernal equinox. The vernal equinoxes moves because of Axial precession (a.k.a. precession of the equinoxes). The sidereal day is connected to the solar day and the solar year. The J2000 value is ~86,164.0905326261 SI seconds with WRONG LOD fixed to 86,400 sec/day and 86,164.0935657957 SI seconds with REAL LOD. This value is fluctuating across time in the same way the length of day is fluctuating . The MEAN value in REAL LOD is 86,163.6575681587 seconds.

Stellar day = The stellar day is the sidereal rotation period of Earth relative to the fixed inertial frame of background stars. The time that it takes for the Earth to rotate 360 degrees relative to distant “fixed” stars. The period is measured as the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA). formerly the stellar angle. An increase of 360° in the ERA is a full rotation of the Earth. The stellar day is directly connected to the Nominal Angular Velocity which is consistent with the definition of the Nominal Angular velocity (ΩN) of Earth. The current fixed ΩN is however the reference angular velocity corresponding to the epoch 1820. Most sources mention therefore this value as set to 86,164.0989036905 seconds. The length of a Stellar day is however also fluctuating in time in the same way the length of day is fluctuating  will fluctuate in time. The stellar day is directly connected to the length of the sidereal year. The J2000 value is 8.37 SI milliseconds longer than the sidereal day which is 86,164.0989054839 (with WRONG LOD fixed to 86,400 sec/day). The MEAN value is 86,163.6669758971 seconds, so around 9.4 ms longer than the MEAN Sidereal day.

Nominal Angular Velocity = The nominal angular velocity (ΩN) refers to the idealized or standardized rotation rate used for practical timekeeping and calculations. It assumes a perfectly consistent rotation without accounting for minor fluctuations. The current fixed ΩN is however the reference angular velocity corresponding to the epoch 1820. The value is therefore directly connected to the artificially chosen length of a stellar day. The nominal angular velocity is often taken as approximately 7.2921151467064 × 10^-5 radians per second which is the value consistent with the Ratio mean solar day/stellar day (1.002 737 811 911 354 48). See useful constants . Since the stellar day is fluctuating also the nominal angular velocity is fluctuation.

Mean Angular Velocity = The mean angular velocity of Earth represents the average rate at which Earth rotates over a long period. This value discards the slight variations in Earth’s rotation speed over time. The mean angular velocity of Earth’s rotation about its axis is 7.29215170117725 × 10^-5 radians per second. The mean angular velocity is typically expressed with greater precision to account for observed variations, while the nominal value is a simplified version. The mean value is directly related to the MEAN length of the solar day and MEAN length of the sidereal day and MEAN length of sidereal day (which is Earth’s MEAN rotation period).

Wobble = The terminology used by Copernicus to describe the apparent movement of the Earth in the phenomenon known as the “Precession of the Equinoxes”. This movement is simulated by Earth orbiting the EARTH-WOBBLE-CENTER in its Axial Precession Orbit (APO).

Zodiac = The apparent path our Sun travels across the celestial sphere over the course of the year through the 12 constellations.

AU = Astronomical Unit = Average Earth-Sun distance = CURRENTLY (J2000) 149,597,870.698828 km which is the distance of PERIHELION-OF-EARTH (close to the Sun) to Earth. This value is fluctuating across time with a MEAN value of 149,597,870.35 km.

Eccentricity = the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle. The eccentricity is therefore determined as the distance certain orbits have related to each other. The eccentricity has a cycle similar to the 18,636 year Perihelion precession cycle.

RA = Right Ascension = used in astronomy as the celestial equivalent of terrestrial longitude.

DECL = Declination = used in astronomy as the celestial equivalent of terrestrial latitude.

360° = 1 296 000 arcseconds = 1440 minutes (our celestial sphere) = 24 hours = 100% of 1 circle or revolution. The sky can be divided into a number of degrees, arcseconds, minutes or hours of RA.

March equinox = In the Northern Hemisphere, the March equinox is called the vernal or spring equinox. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. That’s why the term March equinox is preferred over vernal equinox.

September equinox = In the Northern Hemisphere, the September equinox is called the autumnal or fall equinox. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. That’s why the term September equinox is preferred over autumnal equinox.

June Solstice = In the Northern Hemisphere, the June solstice is called summer solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. That’s why the term June solstice is preferred over summer solstice.

December Solstice = In the Northern Hemisphere, the December solstice is called winter solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. That’s why the term December solstice is preferred over winter solstice.

Sidereal period = a celestial body completes a “sidereal” period each time it aligns again with a given star.

Synodic period = a celestial body completes a “synodic” period each time it aligns again with the Sun.

Perihelion = closest transit point of Earth with respect to the Sun.

Aphelion = furthest transit point of Earth with respect to the Sun.

Perigee = closest transit point of the Moon with respect to Earth.

Apogee = furthest transit point of the Moon with respect to Earth.

Inferior conjunction = when a body (e.g. Venus) is aligned with the Sun while transiting closest to Earth.

Superior conjunction = when a body (e.g. Venus) is aligned with the Sun while transiting furthest from Earth.

Prograde = a celestial body is said to be “in prograde mode” when it moves in the same direction as the Sun.

Retrograde = a celestial body is said to be “in retrograde mode” when it moves in the opposed direction of the Sun.

Argument of periapsis (ω) = It is an orbital element used for determining the inclination to the Ecliptic. It is the angle (starting from center of the orbit) between an orbiting body’s periapsis and its ascending node. It is also known as the argument of perihelion or the argument of perifocus.

Longitude of Ascending node (Ω) = It is an orbital element used for determining the inclination to the Ecliptic. It is the angle from a specified reference direction, called the origin of longitude, to the direction of the ascending node.

Ascending node (Ω) = It is an orbital element used for determining the inclination to the Ecliptic. The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around.